Determinants of employee voice behavior among real estate personnel: Moderating role of perceived supervisor support and organization culture

Maryam Javed, Misbah Mustafa, Aisha Zubair

First published March 15, 2026

Abstract

The current study examined how employee voice behavior among real estate employees is influenced
by proactive personality, organization culture, and perceived supervisor support. Data were gathered from a purposive
sample of 410 individuals (men and women, ages 25 to 55) employed by different real estate companies in Pakistan
using a correlational research approach. The Proactive Personality Scale, Organizational Culture Questionnaire,
Perceived Supervisor Support Scale, and Employee Voice Behavior Scale were among the standardized tests that were
used. Proactive personality, perceived supervisor support, and corporate culture all strongly predicted employee voice
behavior, according to hierarchical regression studies. Additionally, moderation studies showed that the association
between proactive personality and voice behavior was reinforced by corporate culture and perceived supervisor
support. Gender, job title, and length of employment all showed significant group differences according to multivariate
analysis (MANOVA). These results demonstrate the need of encouraging proactive behavioral inclinations, supportive
supervision, and a healthy company culture in order to improve voice behavior in the real estate industry.

References

  • ADHYKE, Y.P., ELIYANA, A., SRIDADI, A.R., SEPTIARINI, D.F., & ANWAR, A. (2023). Hear me out! this is my idea: Transformational leadership, proactive personality and relational identification. SAGE Open, 13 (1), 21582440-2211458.

    doi.org/10.1177/21582440221145869
  • AFZAL, S., ARSHAD, M., SALEEM, S., & FAROOQ, O. (2019). The impact of perceived supervisor support on employees’ turnover intention and task performance: Mediation of self efficacy. Journal of Management Development, 38 (5), 369-382.

    doi.org/10.1108/JMD-03-2019-0076
  • AKRAM, A., KAMRAN, M., IQBAL, M.S., HABIBAH, U., & ATIFISHAQ, M. (2018). The impact of supervisory justice and perceived supervisor support on organizational citizenship behavior and commitment to supervisor: The mediating role of trust. Cogent Business & Management, 5 (1), e1493902.

    doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1493902
  • AYODELE, T.O., EKEMODE, B.G., OLADOKUN, S., & KAJIMO-SHAKANTU, K. (2020). The nexus between demographic correlates, career and organizational commitment: The case of real estate employees in Nigeria .Journal of Facilities Management,18 (5), 521-545.

    doi.org/10.1108/JFM-07-2020-0047
  • BAQIR, M., HUSSAIN, S., WASEEM, R., & ISLAM, K.M.A .(2020). Impact of reward and recognition, supervisor support on employee engagement. American International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2 (3), 8-21.

    doi.org/10.46545/aijbms.v2i3.256
  • BATEMAN, T.S., & CRANT, J.M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14 (2), 103-118.

    doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202
  • BRODHEAD, M.T. (2019). Culture always matters: Some thoughts on Rosenberg and Schwartz. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12 (4),826-830.

    doi.org/10.1007/s40617-019-00351-8
  • CANGIANO, F., PARKER, S.K., & YEO, G.B. (2019). Does daily proactivity affect well‐being? The moderating role of punitive supervision. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40 (1), 59-72.

    doi.org/10.1002/job.2321
  • CETINDAMAR KOZANOGLU, D., & ABEDIN, B. (2021). Understanding the role of employees in digital transformation: Conceptualization of digital literacy of employees as a multi-dimensional organizational affordance. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 34 (6), 1649-1672.

    doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-01-2020-0010
  • CHAE, H., & PARK, J. (2022). The effect of proactive personality on creativity: The mediating role of feedback-seeking behavior. Sustainability, 14 (3), 1495.

    doi.org/10.3390/su14031495
  • CHAROENSUKMONGKOL, P., & PHUNGSOONTHORN, T.(2021). The effectiveness of supervisor support in lessening perceived uncertainties and emotional exhaustion of university employees during the COVID-19 crisis: The constraining role of organizational intransigence. The Journal of General Psychology,148 (4), 431-450.

    doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2020.1795613
  • CHEN, H., WANG, L., & LI, J. (2022). How can servant leadership promote employees’ voice behavior? A moderated chain mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 938983.

    doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938983
  • COUN, M.J.H., PETERS, P., BLOMME, R.J., & SCHAVELING, J. (2021). ‘To empower or not to empower, that’s the question’.Using an empowerment process approach to explain employees’workplace proactivity. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33 (14), 2829-2855.

    doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1879204
  • DE HOOGH, A.H.B., DEN HARTOG, D.N., & BELSCHAK, F.D. (2021). Showing one’s true colors: Leader Machiavellianism, rules and instrumental climate, and abusive supervision. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42 (7), 851-866.

    doi.org/10.1002/job.2536
  • DUA, A.K., FAROOQ, A., & RAI, S. (2023). Ethical leadership andits influence on employee voice behavior: Role of demographic variables. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 39 (2), 213-235.

    doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-10-2021-0200
  • EISENBERGER, R., RHOADES SHANOCK, L., & WEN, X.(2020). Perceived organizational support: Why caring about employees counts. Annual Review of Organizational Psycholog yand Organizational Behavior, 7 (1), 101-124.

    doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044917
  • EIBL, B., LANG, F.R., & NIESSEN, C. (2020). Employee voiceat work: The role of employees’gender ,self-efficacy beliefs,a nd leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29 (4),570-585.

    doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2020.1733979
  • FAMIYEH, S., ASANTE-DARKO, D., & KWARTENG, A. (2018). Service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty in the banking sector: The moderating role of organizational culture. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 35(8), 1546-1567.

    doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-01-2017-0008
  • GHOSH, S., & SRIVASTAVA, B.K. (2014). Construction of a reliable and valid scale for measuring organizational culture. Global Business Review, 15 (3), 583-596.

    doi.org/10.1177/0972150914535145
  • GIAO, H.N.K., VUONG, B.N., HUAN, D.D., TUSHAR, H., & QUAN, T.N. (2020). The effect of emotional intelligence on turnover intention and the moderating role of perceived organizational support: Evidence from the banking industry of Vietnam. Sustainability, 12 (5), 1857.

    doi.org/10.3390/su12051857
  • GOTTFREDSON, R.K., & REINA, C.S. (2020). Exploring why leaders do what they do: An integrative review of the situation-trait approach and situation-encoding schemas. The Leadership Quarterly, 31 (1), 101373.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101373
  • HSIUNG, H.-H. (2012). Authentic leadership and employee voice behavior: A multi-level psychological process. Journal of Business Ethics, 107 (3), 349-361.

    doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1043-2
  • IBRAHIM, N.A., MAHMOOD, R., & BAKAR, M.S. (2018). Strategic improvisation and HE Is performance: The moderating role oforganizational culture. PSU Research Review, 2 (3), 212-230.

    doi.org/10.1108/PRR-01-2017-0009
  • IMRAN, M.Y., ELAHI, N.S., ABID, G., ASHFAQ, F., & ILYAS, S. (2020). Impact of perceived organizational support on work engagement: Mediating mechanism of thriving and flourishing. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6 (3), 82.

    doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6030082
  • JIANG, Z., WANG, Y., LI, W., PENG, K. Z., & WU, C. (2023). Career proactivity: A bibliometric literature review and a future research agenda. Applied Psychology, 72 (1), 144-184.

    doi.org/10.1111/apps.12442
  • JUDGE, T.A., & ZAPATA, C.P. (2015). The Person-Situation debate revisited: Effect of situation strength and trait activation on the validity of the big five personality traits in predicting job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58 (4), 1149-1179.

    doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0837
  • KAO, K.-Y., HSU, H.-H., THOMAS, C.L., CHENG, Y.-C., LIN, M.-T.,& LI, H.-F. (2022). Motivating employees to speak up: Linking job autonomy, P-O fit, and employee voice behaviors through work engagement. Current Psychology, 41 (11), 7762-7776.

    doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01222-0
  • KÖHLER, T., CORTINA, J .M., KURTESSIS, J.N., & GÖLZ, M. (2015). Are we correcting correctly? Interdependence of reliabilities inmeta-analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 18 (3), 355-428.

    doi.org/10.1177/1094428114563617
  • LIANG, J., FARH, C.I.C., & FARH, J.-L. (2012). Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice: A two-wave examination. Academy of Management Journal, 55 (1), 71-92.

    doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0176
  • MEIJERINK, J., BOS-NEHLES, A., & DE LEEDE, J. (2020). How employees’ pro-activity translates high-commitment HRM systems into work engagement: The mediating role of jobcrafting. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(22), 2893-2918.

    doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1475402
  • MOWBRAY, P.K., WILKINSON, A., & TSE, H.H.M. (2015). An integrative review of employee voice: Identifying a common conceptualization and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17 (3), 382-400.

    doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12045
  • MUBARAK, N., KHAN, J., YASMIN, R., & OSMADI, A. (2021). The impact of a proactive personality on innovative work behavior: The role of work engagement and transformational leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42 (7), 989-1003.

    doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2020-0518
  • MUHAMMAD, B., SHAFAQ, C., HINA, A., MUHAMMAD, S., SHOAIB, A., & KHURAM, S. (2021). Entrepreneurial leadership and employees’ proactive behaviour: Fortifying self-determination theory. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7 (3).

    doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030176
  • NGOC, N.M., TIEN, N.H., & HIEU, V.M. (2023). En hancing efficiency of real estate brokerage activities in Vietnam. UEH Digital Repository.

    https://digital.lib.ueh.edu.vn/handle/UEH/69636
  • NURJAMAN, K., SANDIMARTA, M., ELIYANA, A., KURNIASARI, D., & KURNIASARI, D. (2019). Proactive work behavior and innovative work behavior: Moderating effect of job characteristics. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7 (6), 373-379.

    doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7663
  • NIZAM, K. (2022). The impact of supportive leadership and perceived supervisor voice behavior on employee voice behavior. Journal for Business Education and Management, 2 (2), 1-25.

    doi.org/10.56596/jbem.v2i2.27
  • PHILIP, J. (2023). A multi-study approach to examine the interplay of proactive personality and political skill in job crafting. Journal of Management & Organization, 29 (2), 207-226.

    doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021
  • POTIPIROON, W., & FAERMAN, S. (2020). Tired from working hard? Examining the effect of organizational citizenship behavior on emotional exhaustion and the buffering roles of public service motivation and perceived supervisor support. Public Performance & Management Review, 43 (6), 1260-1291.

    doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2020.1742168
  • SAHA, S., & KUMAR, S.P. (2018). Organizational culture as a moderator between affective commitment and job satisfaction: Empirical evidence from Indian public sector enterprises. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 31 (2), 184-206.

    doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-03-2017-0078
  • SEARS, G.J., SHEN, W., & ZHANG, H. (2018). When and why a reproactive employees more creative? Investigations of relational and motivational mechanisms and contextual contingencies in the east and west. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48 (11),593-607.

    doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12550
  • SHENG, X., & ZHOU, H. (2022). The effect of decent work on voice behavior: The mediating role of thriving at work and the moderating role of proactive personality. Current Psychology, 41(12), 8524-8537.

    doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01173-6
  • SONG, Y., TIAN, Q., & KWAN, H.K. (2022). Servant leadership and employee voice: A moderated mediation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 37 (1), 1-14.

    doi.org/10.1108/JMP-02-2020-0077
  • TEDONE, A.M., & BRUK-LEE, V. (2022). Speaking up at work: personality’s influence on employee voice behavior. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 30 (2), 289-304.

    doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-09-2020-2417
  • TETT, R.P., SIMONET, D.V., WALSER, B., & BROWN, C. (2013).Trait activation theory: Applications, developments, and implications for person-workplace fit. In Handbook of personality at work (pp. 71-100). Routledge.

  • TETT, R.P., TOICH, M.J., & OZKUM, S.B. (2021). Trait activation theory: A review of the literature and applications to five lines of personality dynamics research. The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 199-233.

    doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-062228
  • UMRANI, W.A., KURA, K.M., & AHMED, U. (2018). Corporate entrepreneurship and business performance: The moderating role of organizational culture in selected banks in Pakistan. PSU Research Review, 2 (1), 59-80.

    doi.org/10.1108/PRR-122016-0011
  • WALLACE, J. (2022). Making a healthy change: A historical analysis of workplace wellbeing. Management & Organizational History,17 (2), 20-42.

    doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2022.2068152
  • WEI, Z., LI, C.-J., LI, F., & CHEN, T. (2021). How proactive personality affects psychological strain and job performance: The moderating role of leader-member exchange. Personality and Individual Differences, 179, 110910.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110910
  • WIDARKO, A., & ANWARODIN, M.K. (2022). Work motivation and organizational culture on work performance: Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as mediating variable. Golden Ratioof Human Resource Management, 2 (2), 123-138.

    doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v2i2.207
  • XU, A.J., LOI, R., & CHOW, C.W.C. (2022). Why and when proactive employees take charge at work: The role of servant leadership and prosocial motivation. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 31 (1), 117-127.

    doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2021.1934449
  • ZEB, A., BIN OTHAYMAN, M., GOH, G.G.G., & SHAH, S.A.A. (2024). Exploring the mediating role of psychological factors in the relationship between supervisor support and job performance. Journal of Modelling in Management, 20 (1), 163-181.

    doi.org/10.1108/JM2-07-2023-0137
  • ZHOU, X., MA, J., & DONG, X. (2018). Empowering supervision and service sabotage: A moderated mediation model based on conservation of resources theory. Tourism Management, 64, 170-187.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.016
SHOW ALL REFERENCES (52)HIDE REFERENCES

Related articles

Article info

Cite the article:

Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Publication Title. Year Published;Volume number(Issue number):Pages Used. doi:DOI Number.


Javed Maryam . Mustafa Misbah . Zubair Aisha . Determinants of employee voice behavior among real estate personnel: Moderating role of perceived supervisor support and organization culture. BPA Applied Psychology Bulletin. 2026;15.