Age and gender adjusted Brazilian normative reference data for the 16-item version of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16)

Maíra Stivaleti Colombarolli, Fabiano Miguel Koich, Luciano Giromini

Accepted April 30, 2022

First published April 30, 2022

https://doi.org/10.26387/bpa.293.2

Abstract

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a self-report tool that measures difficulties in regulating emotions that have demonstrated its reliable psychometric properties and clinical relevance in different contexts and cultures. The shorter, 16-item version of DERS has shown similarly sound psychometric properties and validity in measuring emotion dysregulation. However, no study has yet provided normative reference for interpretation of its scores. Accordingly, this study aimed to reproduce Giromini et al.’s (2017) procedures for developing age- and gender-adjusted normative reference data, using a large Brazilian sample. Data from N = 12838 adults from all regions of Brazil were used in the study, with two-thirds of the sample (n = 8531) comprising the development sample, from which we derived the parameters of age- and gender-adjusted t-scores, and the other third of the data (n = 4307) comprising a cross-validation sample. Development of adjusted normative scores that control age and gender effects are provided to be used as parameter for interpreting data from adult assessment, along with its application in an independent nonclinical sample. Normative data are useful in psychological assessment for reliable interpretation of test scores. The present study provides reliable normative parameters for interpretation of scores of emotion dysregulation across Brazilian samples. Future studies should replicate and test whether this approach might be useful in other countries and clinical samples.

References

  • AHMED, S.P., BITTENCOURT-HEWITT, A. & SEBASTIAN,C.L. (2015). Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulationdevelopment in adolescence. Developmental CognitiveNeuroscience, 15, 11-25.

    doi.org/10.1016/J.DCN.2015.07.006
  • ANDERSON, L.M., REILLY, E.E., GORRELL, S., SCHAUMBERG,K. & ANDERSON, D.A. (2016). Gender-based differentialitem function for the difficulties in emotion regulationscale. Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 87-91.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.016
  • BJUREBERG, J., LJÓTSSON, B., TULL, M.T., HEDMAN, E.,SAHLIN, H., LUNDH, L.-G., … & GRATZ, K.L. (2015).Development and validation of a brief version of the Difficultiesin Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16. Journal ofPsychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38 (2), 284-296.

    doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x
  • BLANCHARD-FIELDS, F., STEIN, R. & WATSON, T.L. (2004).Age differences in emotion-regulation strategies in handlingeveryday problems. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 59 (6),P261-P269.

    doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.6.P261
  • CARSTENSEN, L.L., TURAN, B., SCHEIBE, S., RAM, N.,ERSNER-HERSHFIELD, H., SAMANEZ-LARKIN, G. R., …& NESSELROADE, J.R. (2011). Emotional experience improveswith age: Evidence based on over 10 years of experiencesampling. Psychology and Aging, 26 (1), 21-33.

    doi.org/10.1037/a0021285
  • CHARAK, R., BYLLESBY, B.M., FOWLER, J.C., SHARP, C.,ELHAI, J.D. & FRUEH, B.C. (2019). Assessment of the reviseddifficulties in emotion regulation scales among adolescents andadults with severe mental illness. Psychiatry Research, 279, 278-283.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.04.010
  • CHO, Y. & HONG, S. (2013). The new factor structure of thekorean version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale(K-DERS) incorporating method factor. Measurement andEvaluation in Counseling and Development, 46 (3), 192-201.

    doi.org/10.1177/0748175613484033
  • DVORAK, R.D., SARGENT, E.M., KILWEIN, T.M., STEVENSON,B.L., KUVAAS, N.J. & WILLIAMS, T.J. (2014). Alcohol useand alcohol-related consequences: Associations with emotionregulation difficulties. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 40 (2), 125-130.

    doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2013.877920
  • ETKIN, A., BÜCHEL, C. & GROSS, J.J. (2016). Emotion regulationinvolves both model-based and model-free processes. NaturePublishing Group.

    doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.79
  • GIANINI, L.M., WHITE, M.A. & MASHEB, R.M. (2013). Eatingpathology, emotion regulation, and emotional overeating inobese adults with binge eating disorder. Eating Behaviors, 14(3), 309-313.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.05.008
  • GIROMINI, L., ALES, F., DE CAMPORA, G., ZENNARO, A. &PIGNOLO, C. (2017). Developing age and gender adjustednormative reference values for the Difficulties in EmotionRegulation Scale (DERS). Journal of Psychopathology andBehavioral Assessment, 1-10.

    doi.org/10.1007/s10862-017-9611-0
  • GIROMINI, L., VELOTTI, P., DE CAMPORA, G., BONALUME,L. & ZAVATTINI, G.C. (2012). Cultural adaptation of theDifficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: Reliability andvalidity of an Italian version. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(9), 989-1007.

    doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21876
  • GRATZ, K.L. & ROEMER, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessmentof emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development,factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficultiesin Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathologyand Behavioral Assessment, 26 (1), 41-54.

    doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
  • GREENE, R.L. (2000). The MMPI-2: An interpretive manual, 2nded. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

  • GROSS, J.J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: Anintegrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2 (3), 271-299.

    doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
  • GROSS, J.J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empiricalfoundations. In Handbook of Emotion Regulation. New York,NY: Guilford Press.

  • HALLION, L.S., STEINMAN, S.A., TOLIN, D.F. & DIEFENBACH,G.J. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Difficulties inEmotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and its short forms in adultswith emotional disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 9 (APR), 539.

    doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00539
  • HANSSON, E., DAUKANTAITÉ, D. & JOHNSSON, P. (2017).Disordered eating and emotion dysregulation amongadolescents and their parents. BMC Psychology, 5 (1).

    doi.org/10.1186/s40359-017-0180-5
  • HARRISON, A., SULLIVAN, S., TCHANTURIA, K. &TREASURE, J. (2010). Emotional functioning in eatingdisorders: Attentional bias, emotion recognition and emotionregulation. Psychological Medicine, 40 (11), 1887-1897.

    doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000036
  • JENTSCH, V.L. & WOLF, O.T. (2020). The impact of emotionregulation on cardiovascular, neuroendocrine andpsychological stress responses. Biological Psychology, 154,107893.

    doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOPSYCHO.2020.107893
  • JOHN, O.P. & ENG, J. (2014). Three approaches to individualdifferences in affect regulation: Conceptualizations, measures,and findings. In Handbook of Emotion Regulation. New York,NY: Guilford Press.

  • KÖKÖNYEI, G., URBÁN, R., REINHARDT, M., JÓZAN, A.& DEMETROVICS, Z. (2014). The difficulties in emotionregulation scale: Factor structure in chronic pain patients.Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70 (6), 589-600.

    doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22036
  • KWON, H., YOON, K.L., JOORMANN, J. & KWON, J.H. (2013).Cultural and gender differences in emotion regulation: Relationto depression. Cognition and Emotion, 27 (5), 769-782.

    doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.792244
  • LIVINGSTONE, K.M. & ISAACOWITZ, D.M. (2021). Age andemotion regulation in daily life: Frequency, strategies, tactics,and effectiveness. Emotion, 21 (1), 39-51.

    doi.org/10.1037/emo0000672
  • MALESZA, M. (2021). Relationship between emotion regulation,negative affect, gender and delay discounting. CurrentPsychology, 40 (8), 4031-4039.

    doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00366-y
  • MESSINA, I., GRECUCCI, A. & VIVIANI, R. (2021).Neurobiological models of emotion regulation: A meta-analysisof neuroimaging studies of acceptance as an emotion regulationstrategy. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 257-267.

    doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab007
  • MIGUEL, F.K., GIROMINI, L., COLOMBAROLLI, M.S.,ZUANAZZI, A.C. & ZENNARO, A. (2017). A Brazilianinvestigation of the 36- and 16-item difficulties in emotionregulation scales. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73 (9).

    doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22404
  • MITSOPOULOU, E., KAFETSIOS, K., KARADEMAS, E.,PAPASTEFANAKIS,E.&SIMOS,P.G.(2013).Thegreekversionof the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: Testing thefactor structure, reliability and validity in an adult communitysample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,35 (1), 123-131.

    doi.org/10.1007/s10862-012-9321-6
  • MUÑOZ-MARTÍNEZ, A.M., VARGAS, R.M. & HOYOS-GONZÁLEZ, J.S. (2016). Escala de Dificuldades deRegulaçóo Emocional (DERS): Análise fatorial numa amostraColombiana. Acta Colombiana de Psicologia, 19 (1), 225-236.

    doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2016.19.1.10
  • NASHIRO, K., SAKAKI, M. & MATHER, M. (2012). Age differencesin brain activity during emotion processing: Reflections of age-related decline or increased emotion regulation. Gerontology,58 (2), 156-163.

    doi.org/10.1159/000328465
  • ROGIER, G., GAROFALO, C. & VELOTTI, P. (2019). Is emotionalsuppression always bad? A matter of flexibility and genderdifferences.CurrentPsychology,38(2),411-420.

    doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9623-7
  • ROUDER, J.N. & MOREY, R.D. (2011). A Bayes factor meta-analysisof Bem’s ESP claim. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18 (4), 682-689.

    doi.org/10.3758/s13423-011-0088-7
  • ROUDER, J.N., SPECKMAN, P.L., SUN, D., MOREY, R.D. &IVERSON, G. (2009). Bayesian t tests for accepting andrejecting the null hypothesis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review.

    doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.2.225
  • SALSMAN, N.L. & LINEHAN, M.M. (2012). An investigation ofthe relationships among negative affect, difficulties in emotionregulation, and features of borderline personality disorder.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34 (2),260-267.

    doi.org/10.1007/s10862-012-9275-8
  • SCHWEIZER, S. (2020). The role of affective control in emotionregulation during adolescence. Emotion, 20 (1), 80.

    doi.org/10.1037/EMO0000695
  • SEGURA-SERRALTA, M., PERPIÑÁ, C., CISCAR, S., BLASCO,L., ESPERT, R., ROMERO-ESCOBAR, C., … & OLTRA-CUCARELLA, J. (2019). Executive functions and emotionregulation in obesity and eating disorders. NutricionHospitalaria, 36 (1), 167-172.

    doi.org/10.20960/nh.02016
  • SHAHABI, M., HASANI, J. & BJUREBERG, J. (2020).Psychometric properties of the brief persian version of theDifficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (The DERS-16).Assessment for Effective Intervention, 45 (2), 135-143.

    doi.org/10.1177/1534508418800210
  • SKOTT, E., YANG, L.L., STIERNBORG, M., SÖDERSTRÖM, Å.,RUEGG, J., SCHALLING, M., … & LAVEBRATT, C. (2020).Effects of a synbiotic on symptoms, and daily functioningin attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A double-blindrandomized controlled trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity,89, 9-19.

    doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.056
  • SURI, G. & GROSS, J.J. (2012). Emotion regulation and successfulaging. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16 (8), 409-410. doi.org/https:/

    doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.06.007
  • VELOTTI, P., D’AGUANNO, M., DE CAMPORA, G., DIFRANCESCANTONIO, S., GAROFALO, C., GIROMINI, L., …& ZAVATTINI, G.C. (2016). Gender moderates the relationshipbetween attachment insecurities and emotion dysregulation.South African Journal of Psychology, 46 (2), 191-202.

    doi.org/10.1177/0081246315604582
  • VICTOR, S.E. & KLONSKY, E.D. (2016). Validation of a briefversion of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-18) in five samples. Journal of Psychopathology and BehavioralAssessment, 38 (4), 582-589.

    doi.org/10.1007/s10862-016-9547-9
  • VUILLIER, L., ROBERTSON, S. & GREVILLE-HARRIS, M. (2020).Orthorexic tendencies are linked with difficulties with emotionidentification and regulation. Journal of Eating Disorders, 8 (1).

    doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00291-7
  • WESTERLUND, M. & SANTTILA, P. (2018). A Finnish adaptationof the emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) and theDifficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16). NordicPsychology.

    doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2018.1443279
  • WILLIAMS, A.D., GRISHAM, J.R., ERSKINE, A. & CASSEDY,E. (2012). Deficits in emotion regulation associated withpathological gambling. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(2), 223-238.

    doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02022.x
  • WOLZ, I., AGÜERA, Z., GRANERO, R., JIMÉNEZ-MURCIA, S.,GRATZ,K.L.,MENCHÓN,J.M.&FERNÁNDEZ-ARANDA,F.(2015). Emotion regulation in disordered eating: Psychometricproperties of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale amongspanish adults and its interrelations with personality andclinical severity. Frontiers in Psychology, 6 (JUN), 1-13.

    doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00907
  • XU, L., CHENG, F., LIU, C., JIN, R., PAN, H., ZHANG, M.& LIANG, Z. (2021). Psychometric properties and factorstructures of the CERQ, DERS, and RESE measures: A bifactorapproach. Journal of Personality Assessment.

    doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2021.1887201
  • YIGIT, I. & GUZEY YIGIT, M. (2019). Psychometric properties ofTurkish version of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form (DERS-16). Current Psychology, 38 (6), 1503-1511.

    doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9712-7
SHOW ALL REFERENCES (47)HIDE REFERENCES

Article info

Issue:

Keywords:

Views:

1384

Downloads:

159

Cite the article:

Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Publication Title. Year Published;Volume number(Issue number):Pages Used. doi:DOI Number.


Stivaleti Colombarolli Maíra . Koich Fabiano Miguel . Giromini Luciano . Age and gender adjusted Brazilian normative reference data for the 16-item version of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16). BPA Applied Psychology Bulletin. 2022;293(1):15-26. doi:10.26387/bpa.293.1.

Citation tool

How to cite this article

Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Publication Title. Year Published;Volume number(Issue number):Pages Used. doi:DOI Number.


Stivaleti Colombarolli Maíra . Koich Fabiano Miguel . Giromini Luciano . Age and gender adjusted Brazilian normative reference data for the 16-item version of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16). BPA Applied Psychology Bulletin. 2022;293(1):15-26. doi:10.26387/bpa.293.1.