Measuring empathy: A literature review of available tools

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DEMIDOVA, K.Y., DUBOVIK, V.V., KRAVCHENKO, V.I. &MAKARCHOUK, N.E. (2014). EEG Activity during Viewing ofNeutral and Emotionally Colored Pictures by Men and Womenwith Different Levels of Empathy. Neurophysiology, 46 (2).

DERNTL, B., FINKELMEYER, A., TOYGAR, T.K., HULSMANN,A., SCHNEIDER, F., FALKENBERG, D.I. & HABEL, U. (2009).Generalized deficit in all core components of empathy inschizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 108 (1−3), 197−206.

DE WAAL, F.B.M. (2009). Putting altruism back into altruism: Theevolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 279−300.

DODICH, A., CERAMI, C., CANESSA, N., CRESPI, C.,IANNACCONE,S.,MARCONE,A.,REALMUTO,S.,LETTIERI,G., PERANI, D. & CAPPA, S.F. (2015). A novel task assessingintention and emotion attribution: Italian standardization andnormative data of the Story−based Empathy Task. NeurologicalScience, 36, 1907−1912.

DZIOBEK, I. & HEEKEREN, H.R. (2008). Dissociation of cognitiveand emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome usingthe Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Journal of Autism andDevelopmental Disorders, 38 (3), 464−473.

EKMAN,P.&FRIESEN,W.V.(1975).UnmaskingtheFace.EnglewoodCliffs, New Jersey: Spectrum−Prentice Hall.

GOLEMAN, D. (2007). Three kinds of empathy: Cognitive, Emotional,Compassionate. http://www.danielgoleman.info/three−kinds−of−empathy−cognitive−emotional−compassionate/

GRUHN, D., REBUCAL, K., DIEHL, M., LUMLEY, M. &LABOUVIE−VIEF, G. (2008). Empathy across the adult lifespan:Longitudinal and experience−sampling fndings. Emotion, 8,753−765.

HOJAT, M., GONNELLA, J.S., MANGIONE, S., NASCA, T.J.,VELOSKI, J.J., ERDMANN, B., CALLAHAN, C.A. & MAGEE,M. (2002). Empathy in medical students as related to academicperformance, clinical competence and gender. MedicalEducation, 36, 522−527.

HOJAT, M., MANGIONE, S., GREGORY, C., KANE, G.C. &GONNELLA, J.S., (2005). Relationships between scores of theJeffersonScaleofPhysicianEmpathy(JSPE)andtheInterpersonalReactivity Index (IRI). Medical Teacher, 27, 625−628.

HOJAT, M. & LaNOUE, M. (2014). Exploration and confirmationof the latent variable structure of the Jefferson scale of empathy.International Journal of Medical Education, 5, 73−81.

JUNTUNEN, A. & SAARTI, J. (2000). Library as the Student‘sCornerstone or Obstacle: Evaluating the Method of Empathy−Based Stories. Libri, 50, 235−240.

KANE, G.C., GOTTO, J.L., MANGIONE, S., WEST, S. & HOJAT,M. (2007). Jefferson Scale of Patient’s Perceptions of PhysicianEmpathy: Preliminary Psychometric Data. Croat Med J., 48,81−86.

KENNY, D.A., MOHR, C.D. & LEVESQUE, M.J. (2001). A Socialrelations variance partitioning of dyadic behavior. PsychologicalBulletin, 127 (1), 128−141.

KIM, Y.T., LEE, J.J., SONG, H.J., KIM, J.H., KWON, D.H., KIM, M.N.,YOO, D.S., LEE, H.J. & CHANG, Y. (2010). Alterations in corticalactivity of male methamphetamine abusers performing empathytask: fMRI study. Human Psychopharmacology, 25, 63−70.

LAWRENCE, E.J., SHAW, P., BAKER, D., BARON−COHEN, S. &DAVID, A.S. (2004). Measuring empathy: Reliability and validityof the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine: A Journal ofResearch in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences, 34 (5), 911−919.

LEONG, L.E.M., CANO, A., WURM, L.H., LUMLEY, M.A. &CORLEY, A.M. (2015). A perspective−taking manipulation leadsto greater empathy and less pain during the cold pressor task. TheJournal of Pain, 16 (11), 1176−1185.

LYONS, C. & HAZLER, R.J. (2002). The influence of studentdevelopment level on improving counselor student empathy.Counselor education and supervision, 42.

MARTIN, G.B. & CLARK, R.D. (1982). Distress crying in neonates:Species and peer specificity. Developmental Psychology, 18, 3−9.

MEHRABIAN, A. & EPSTEIN, N. (1972). A measure of emotionalempathy. Journal of Personality, 40 (4), 525−543.

MICHAELS, T.M., HORAN, W.P., GINGERA, E.J.,MARTINOVICHA, Z., PINKHAMD, A.E. & SMITH, M.J.(2014). Cognitive empathy contributes to poor social functioningin schizophrenia: Evidence from a new self−report measure ofcognitive and affective empathy. Psychiatry Research, 220 (3),803−810.

MONTANARI, P., PETRUCCI, C., RUSSO, S., MURRAY, I.,DIMONTE, V. & LANCIA, L. (2015). Psychometric propertiesof Jefferson Scale of Empathy−Health Professional Student‘sversion: An Italian validation study with nursing students.Nursing and health sciences, 17, 483−491.

O‘BRIEN, E., KONRATH, S.H., GRUHN, D. & HAGEN, A.L.(2012). Empathic concern and perspective taking: Linear andquadratic effects of age across the adult life span. The Journals ofGerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences.

RENIERS, R., CORCORAN, R., DRAKE, J., SHRYANE, N. &VOLLM, B. (2011). The QCAE: A questionnaire of cognitiveand affective empathy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93 (1),84−95.

ROGERS, K., DZIOBEK, I., HASSENSTAB, J., WOLF, O.T. &CONVIT, A. (2007). Who cares? Revisiting empathy in Aspergersyndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(4), 709−715.

SONNBY−BORGSTROM, M., JONSSON, P. & SVENSSON, O.(2003). Emotional empathy as related to mimicry reactions atdifferent levels of information processing. Journal of NonverbalBehavior, 27 (1), 3−23.

TOMKINS, S. (1991). Affect, imagery and consciousness. New York:Springer Publishing Company.

WELLMAN, H.M., CROSS, D. & WATSON, J. (2001). Meta−analysisof theory−of−mind development: The truth about false belief.Child Development, 72, 655−684.

WIRTZ, M., BOECKERB, M., FORKMANN, T. & NEUMANN,M., (2011). Methodology in health communication researchevaluationofthe“ConsultationandRelationalEmpathy”(CARE)measure by means of Rasch−analysis at the example of cancerpatients. Patient Education and Counseling, 82 (3), 298−306.

YANG, K.T. & YANG, J.H. (2013). A study of the effect of a visualarts−based program on the scores of Jefferson scale for physicianempathy. BMC Medical Education, 13, 142.

ZAHN−WAXLER, C., ROBINSON, J.L. & EMDE, R.N. (1992). Thedevelopment of empathy in twins. Developmental Psychology, 28,1038−1047.

AUSTIN, E.J., EVANS, P., MAGNUS, B. & O’HANLON, K. (2007).A preliminary study of empathy, emotional intelligence andexamination performance in MBChB students. MedicalEducation.

ABRAMOWITZ, A.C., GINGER, E.J., GOLLAN, J.K. & SMITH, M.J.(2014). Empathy, depressive symptoms, and social functioningamong individuals with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research.

ACHIM, A.M., OUELLET, R., ROY, M.A. & JACKSON, P.L. (2011).Assessment of empathy in first-episode psychosis and meta-analytic comparison with previous studies in schizophrenia.Psychiatry Research.

ADRIAANSEN, M., VAN ACHTERBERG, T. & BORM, G. (2008).The usefulness of the staff-patient interaction response scale forpalliative care nursing for measuring the empathetic capacity ofnursing students. Journal of Professional Nursing.

AINLEY, V., MAISTER, L. & TSAKIRIS, M. (2015). Heartfeltempathy? No association between interoceptive awareness,questionnaire measures of empathy, reading the mind in the eyestask or the director task. Frontiers in Psychology.

ARONSON, L. (2014). Examining empathy. The Lancet.

AUSTIN, E.J., EVANS, P., MAGNUS, B. & O’HANLON, K. (2007).A preliminary study of empathy, emotional intelligence andexamination performance in MBChB students. MedicalEducation.

BAILEY, P.E., HENRY, J.D. & VON HIPPEL, W. (2008). Empathy andsocial functioning in late adulthood. Aging & Mental Health.

BALCONI, M. & BORTOLOTTI, A. (2012). Detection of the facialexpression of emotion and self-report measures in empathicsituations are influenced by sensorimotor circuit inhibition bylow-frequency rTMS. Brain stimulus.

BALCONI, M. & BORTOLOTTI, A. (2012). Empathy in cooperativeversusnon-cooperativesituations:Thecontributionofself-reportmeasures and autonomic responses. Applied Psychophysiologyand Biofeedback.

BALCONI, M. & BORTOLOTTI, A. (2014). Self-report, personalityand autonomic system modulation in response to empathicconflictual versus non conflictual situation. Cognitive Emotions.

BALCONI, M. & BORTOLOTTI, A. (2014). Self-report measures,facialfeedback, and personality differences(BEES) incooperativevs. noncooperative situations: Contribution of the mimic systemto the sense of empathy. Cognitive Emotions.

BALCONI, M. & CANAVESIO, Y. (2013). Emotional contagionand trait empathy in prosocial behavior in young people: Thecontribution of autonomic (facial feedback) and balancedemotional empathy scale (BEES) measures. Journal of ClinicalNeuropsychology.

BALCONI, M. & CANAVESIO, Y. (2013). High-frequency rTMSimproves facial mimicry and detection responses in an empathicemotional task. Neuroscience.

BALTES F.R. & MIU, A.C. (2014). Emotions during live musicperformance: Links with individual differences in empathy,visual imagery, and mood. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind andBrain.

BARON-COHEN, S. & WHEELWRIGHT, S. (2004). The empathyquotient: An investigation of adults with asperger syndrome orhigh functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal ofAutism and Developmental Disorders.

BASS, E.C., STEDNITZ, S.J., SIMONSON, K., SHEN, T. & GAHTAN,E. (2014). Physiological stress reactivity and empathy followingsocial exclusion: A test of the defensive emotional analgesiahypothesis. Social Neuroscience.

BERG, K., BLATT, B., LOPREIATO, J., JUNG, J., SCHAEFFER,A., HEIL, D., OWENS, T., CARTER-NOLAN, P.L., BERG, D.,VELOSKI, J., DARBY, E. & HOJAT, M. (2015). Standardizedpatient assessment of medical student empathy: Ethnicityand gender effects in a multi-institutional study. Academicalmedicine.

́BERTHOZ,S.,WESSA,M.,GAYANNEE,K.,WICKER,B.&GRÈZES,J. (2008). Cross-cultural validation of the empathy quotient in afrench-speaking sample. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.

BIKKER, A.P., FITZPATRICK, B., MURPHY, D. & MERCER, S.W.(2015). Measuring empathic, person-centred communication inprimary care nurses: Validity and reliability of the Consultationand Relational Empathy (CARE) Measure. BMC Fam Pract.

BIKKER, A.P., MERCER, S.W. & COTTON, P. (2012). Connecting,Assessing, Responding and Empowering (CARE): A universalapproach to person-centred, empathic healthcare encounters.Educ Prim Care.

BILLIMEK,J.,GUZMAN,H.&ANGULO,M.A.(2015).Effectivenessand feasibility of a software tool to help patients communicatewith doctors about problems they face with their medicationregimen (EMPATHy): Study protocol for a randomizedcontrolled trial. Trials.

BYLUND, C.L. & MAKOUL, G. (2005). Examining empathy inmedical encounters: An observational study using the empathiccommunication coding system. Health Commun.

BOUDJEMAD, V. & GANA, K. (2009). Ageism: Adaptation of theFraboni of Ageism Scale-Revised to the French language andtesting the effects of empathy, social dominance orientation anddogmatism on ageism. Can J Aging.

BRAUN, S., ROSSEEL, Y., KEMPENAERS, C., LOAS, G. &LINKOWSKI, P. (2015). Self-report of empathy: A shortenedfrench adaptation of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)using two large Belgian samples. Psychol Rep.

BROOK, M. & KOSSON, D. (2013). Impaired cognitive empathy incriminal psychopathy: Evidence from a laboratory measure ofempathic accuracy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

BUSBY, D. & GARDNER, C. (2008). How do I analyze thee? Let mecount the ways: Considering empathy in couple relationshipsusing self and partner ratings. Family Process.

CACI,H.,NADALET,L.,BAYLÉ,F.J.,ROBERT,P.&BOYER,P.(2003).Cross-cultural study of the Impulsiveness-Venturesomeness-Empathy questionnaire (IVE-7). Comprehensive PsychiatryEmpathy theory and practice: A survey of psychologists andcounselors.

CARLOZZI, A., LAWRENCE, B., RAY, K. & BARNES, L. (2002).Empathy theory and practice: A survey of psychologists andcounselors. The Journal of Psychology.

CARRÉ, A. (2013). The Basic Empathy Scale in Adults (BES-A):Factor structure of a revised form. Psychological Assessment.

CHEN, D.C., PAHILAN, M.E. & ORLANDER, J.D. (2010).Comparing a self-administered measure of empathy withobserved behavior among medical students. J Gen Intern Med.

CHRYSIKOU, E.G. & THOMPSON, W.J. (2015). Assessing medicalstudent empathy in a family medicine clinical test: Validity of theCARE measure. Assessment.

CHRYSIKOU, E.G. & THOMPSON, W.J. (2016). Assessing Cognitiveand Affective Empathy Through the Interpersonal ReactivityIndex: An Argument Against a Two-Factor Model. Assessment.

CHU, C.I. & TSENG, C.C. (2013). A survey of how patient-perceivedempathy affects the relationship between health literacy and theunderstanding of information by orthopedic patients? BMCPublic Health.

CICCHETTI, D. & MISAKI, N. (2014). Empathy as a “risky strength”:A multilevel examination of empathy and risk for internalizingdisorders. Development and Psychopathology.

CLIFFORDSON, C. (2002). The hierarchical structure of empathy:dimensional organization and relations to social functioning.Scand J Psychol.

COLLINS, K., GRATTON, C., HENEAGE, C. & DAGNAN,D. (2015). Employed carers’ empathy towards people withintellectual disabilities: The development of a new measure andsome initial theory. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil.

CORRADINI, A. & ANTONIETTI, A. (2013). Mirror neurons andtheir function in cognitively understood empathy. ConsciousCogn.

CONRAD, B. & MCGINLEY, J. (2014). Correlational andExploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) of commonly used empathyquestionnaires: New insights. Motivation and Emotion.

CRANDALL, S.J. & MARION, G.S. (2009). Commentary:Identifying attitudes towards empathy. An essential feature ofprofessionalism. Acad Med.

CROMIE, T.R. (2015). Jane Addams and the “devil baby tales”: Theusefulness of perplexity in “sympathetic understanding,” a tool inlearning empathy. J Am Psychoanal Assoc.

CURWEN, T. (2003). The importance of offense characteristics,victimization history, hostility, and social desirability in assessingempathy of male adolescent sex offenders. Sex Abuse.

CUSI, A., MacQUEEN, G.M., McKINNON, M.C. (2010). Alteredself-report of empathic responding in patients with bipolardisorder. Psychiatry Res.

DAVIDSON, J.H. (2014). Empathy and integrative thinking:Talmudic paradigms for the essentials of a medical interview.Med Humanit.

de BARROS, D.M., DIAS, A.M., SERAFIM, A.P., CASTELLANA,G.B., ACHÁ, M.F. & BUSATTO, G.F. (2013). Dimensionalassessment of psychopathy and its relationship withphysiological responses to empathic images in juvenileoffenders. Front Psychiatry.

DECKER, S.E., NICH, C., CARROLL, K.M. & MARTINO, S. (2014).Development of the Therapist Empathy Scale. Behavioural andCognitive Psychotherapy.

DEMIDOVA, K.Y., DUBOVIK, V., KRAVCHENKO, I. &MAKARCHOUK, N. (2014). EEG activity during viewing ofneutral and emotionally colored pictures by men and womenwith different levels of empathy. Neurophysiology.

DENCKLA, C.A., FIORI, K.L. & VINGERHOETS, A.J. (2014).Development of the Crying Proneness Scale: Associations amongcrying proneness, empathy, attachment, and age. J Pers Assess.

DERNTL, B., FINKELMEYER, A., EICKHOFF, S., KELLERMANN,T., FALKENBERG, D.I., SCHNEIDER, F. & HABEL, U. (2010).Multidimensional assessment of empathic abilities: Neuralcorrelates and gender differences. Psychoneuroendocrinology.

DEVLIN, H.C., ZAKI, J., ONG, D.C. & GRUBER, J. (2014). Notas good as you think? Trait positive emotion is associatedwith increased self-reported empathy but decreased empathicperformance. PLoS One.

DI GIUNTA, L. & KUPFER, A. (2010). Assessing perceived empathicand social self-efficacy across countries. European Journal ofPsychological Assessment.

DI LILLO, M., CICCHETTI, A., LO SCALZO, A., TARONI, F. &HOJAT, M. (2009). The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy:Preliminary psychometrics and group comparisons in Italianphysicians. Acad Med.

DI ROSA, E., SORARÙ, G., KLEINBUB, J.R., CALVO, V., VALLESI,A., QUERIN, G., MARCATO, S., GRASSO, I. & PALMIERI,A. (2015). Theory of mind, empathy and neuropsychologicalfunctioning in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: Acontrolled study of 20 patients. J Neurol.

DODICH, A., CERAMI, C., CANESSA, N., CRESPI, C.,IANNACCONE,S.,MARCONE,A.,REALMUTO,S.,LETTIERI,G., PERANI, D. & CAPPA, S.F. (2015). A novel task assessingintention and emotion attribution: Italian standardization andnormative data of the Story-based Empathy Task. Neurol Sci.

DUAN, C. & KIVLIGHAN, D.M. (2002). Relationships amongtherapist presession mood, therapist empathy, and sessionevaluation. Psychother Res.

DZIOBEK, I., ROGERS, K., FLECK, S., BAHNEMANN, M.,HEEKEREN, H., WOLF, O. & CONVIT, A. (2008). Dissociationof cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Aspergersyndrome using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Journalof Autism and Developmental Disorders.

EASTER, D.W. & BEACH, W. (2004). Competent patient care isdependent upon attending to empathic opportunities presentedduring interview sessions. Curr Surg.

EIDE, H., FRANKEL, R., HAAVERSEN, A.C., VAUPEL, K.A.,GRAUGAARD, P.K. & FINSET, A. (2004). Listening for feelings:Identifying and coding empathic and potential empathicopportunities in medical dialogues. Patient Educ Couns.

EIDE, H., SIBBERN, T. & JOHANNESSEN, T. (2011). Empathicaccuracy of nurses’ immediate responses to fibromyalgia patients’expressions of negative emotions: an evaluation using interactionanalysis. J Adv Nurs.

ESLINGER,P.J.,MOORE,P.,ANDERSON,C.&MURRAY,G.(2011).Social cognition, executive functioning, and neuroimagingcorrelates of empathic deficits in frontotemporal dementia. TheJournal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences.

EVERSON, N., LEVETT-JONES, T., LAPKIN, S., PITT, V., vander RIET, P., ROSSITER, R., JONES, D., GILLIGAN, C.,COURTNEY-PRATT, H. (2015). Measuring the impact of a 3Dsimulation experience on nursing students’ cultural empathyusing a modified version of the Kiersma-Chen Empathy Scale.J Clin Nurs.

FERNÁNDEZ,A.&SANTIAGO,A.(2011).Testingthepsychometricproperties of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) in Chile:Empathy in a different cultural context. European Journal ofPsychological Assessment.

FERRARI, P.F. (2014). The neuroscience of social relations. Acomparative-based approach to empathy and to the capacity ofevaluating others’ action value. Behaviour.

FIELDS,S.K.,HOJAT,M.,GONNELLA,J.S.,MANGIONE,S.,KANE,G. & MAGEE, M. (2004). Comparisons of nurses and physicianson an operational measure of empathy. Eval Health Prof.

FIELDS, S.K., MAHAN, P., TILLMAN, P., HARRIS, J., MAXWELL,K. & HOJAT, M. (2011). Measuring empathy in healthcareprofession students using the Jefferson Scale of PhysicianEmpathy: Health provider-student version. J Interprof Care.

FINN, S.E. (2009). The many faces of empathy in experiential,person-centered, collaborative assessment. Journal of PersonalAssessment.

FJORTOFT, N., VAN WINKLE, L.J. & HOJAT, M. (2011). Measuringempathy in pharmacy students. Am J Pharm Educ.

FORD, R.M. & ABERDEIN, B. (2015). Exploring social influences onthe joint Simon task: Empathy and friendship. Front Psychol.

FREEDBERG, S. (2007). Re-examining empathy: A relational-feminist point of view. Social Work.

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GARCÍA-MORILLO, S., BERNABEU-WITTEL, M., CASSANI, M.,RINCÓN, M., YERRO PÁEZ, V. & OLLERO BATURONE, M.(2007). Influence of biopsychosocial assessment on degree ofdoctor-patient empathy in a cohort of patients with multiplediseases. Rev Clin Esp.

GERDES, K.E., LIETZ, C.A. & SEGAL, E.A. (2011). Measuringempathy in the 21st century: Development of an empathy indexrooted in social cognitive neuroscience and social justice. SocialWork Research.

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GIUMMARRA, M.J., FITZGIBBON, B.M., GEORGIOU-KARISTIANIS, N., BEUKELMAN, M., VERDEJO-GARCIA, A.,BLUMBERG, Z., CHOU, M. & GIBSON, S.J. (2015). Affective,sensory and empathic sharing of another’s pain: The Empathy forPain Scale. Eur J Pain.

GLASER, K.M., MARKHAM, F.W., ADLER, H.M., McMANUS,P.R. & HOJAT, M. (2007). Relationships between scores on theJefferson Scale of physician empathy, patient perceptions ofphysician empathy, and humanistic approaches to patient care: Avalidity study. Med Sci Monit.

GLEICHGERRCHT, E., TORRALVA, T., RATTAZZI, A.,MARENCO, V., ROCA, M. & MANES, F. (2013). Selectiveimpairment of cognitive empathy for moral judgment in adultswith high functioning autism. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci.

GOLAN, O. & BARON-COHEN, S. (2006). Systemizing empathy:Teaching adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioningautism to recognize complex emotions using interactivemultimedia. Development and Psychopathology.

GORDON-GILES, N. & WAFA, Z. (2009). Assessing the beyondwords educational model for empowering women, decreasingprejudice and enhancing empathy. American Journal of DanceTherapy.

GOSSELIN, É., PAUL-SAVOIE, É., LAVOIE, S. & BOURGAULT,P. (2015). Validity of the French version of the ReynoldsEmpathy Scale among Intensive Care Nurses. Journal of NursingMeasurement.

GOUVEIA, V.V., MILFONT, T.L., GOUVEIA, R.S.V., NETO, J.R. &GALVÃO, L. (2012). Brazilian-Portuguese empathy quotient:Evidences of its construct validity and reliability. The SpanishJournal of Psychology.

GRADY, M.D. & ROSE, R.A. (2011). The Empathy Index: Anevaluation of the psychometric properties of a new empathymeasure for sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence.

GRYNBERG, D. & MAURAGE, P. (2014). Pain and empathy: Theeffect of self-oriented feelings on the detection of painful facialexpressions. PLoS One.

GROEN, Y., FUERMAIER, A.B., DEN HEIJER, A.E., TUCHA, O. &ALTHAUS, M. (2015). The empathy and systemizing quotient:The psychometric properties of the Dutch version and a reviewof the cross-cultural stability. J Autism Dev Disord.

GROVE, R., BAILLIE, A., ALLISON, C., BARON-COHEN, S. &HOEKSTRA, R.A. (2014). The latent structure of cognitive andemotional empathy in individuals with autism, first-degreerelatives and typical individuals. Mol Autism.

GU, J., LAU, J.T., WANG, Z., WU, A.M., TAN, X. (2015). Perceivedempathy of service providers mediates the association betweenperceived discrimination and behavioral intention to take upHIV antibody testing again among men who have sex with men.

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HALL, A.E. & BRACKEN, C.C. (2011). I really liked that movie”:Testing the relationship between trait empathy, transportation,perceived realism, and movie enjoyment. Journal of MediaPsychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications.

HANDFORD,C.,LEMON,J.,GRIMM,M.C.&VOLLMER-CONNA,U. (2013). Empathy as a function of clinical exposure–readingemotion in the eyes. PLoS One.

HANŽEVCAKI, M., JAKOVINA, T., BAJIC, Ž., TOMAC, A. &MERCER, S. (2015). Reliability and validity of the Croatianversion of Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE)Measure in primary care setting. Croat Med J.

HASAN, S., AL-SHARQAWI, N., DASHTI, F., ABDULAZIZ,M., ABDULLAH, A., SHUKKUR, M., BOUHAIMED, M. &THALIB, L. (2013). Level of empathy among medical students inKuwait University, Kuwait. Med Princ Pract

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HENGARTNER, M.P., AJDACIC-GROSS, V., RODGERS, S.,MÜLLER, M., HAKER, H. & RÖSSLER, W. (2014). Fluidintelligence and empathy in association with personality disordertrait-scores: Exploring the link. European Archives of Psychiatryand Clinical Neuroscience.

HENNESSY, M., WALTER, J.S. & VESS, J. (2002). An evaluation ofthe Empat as a measure of victim empathy with civilly committedsexual offenders. Sex Abuse.

HENRY, J.D., BAILEY, P.E. & RENDELL, P.G. (2008). Empathy, socialfunctioning and schizotypy. Psychiatry Res.

HOJAT, M., GONNELLA, J.S., MANGIONE, S., NASCA, T.J.,VELOSKI, J.J., ERDMANN, J.B., CALLAHAN, C.A. & MAGEE,ˇ ́M. (2002). Empathy in medical students as related to academicperformance, clinical competence and gender. Med Educ.

HOJAT, M., GONNELLA, J.S., NASCA, T.J., MANGIONE, S.,VELOKSI, J.J. & MAGEE, M. (2002). The Jefferson Scale ofPhysician Empathy: Further psychometric data and differencesby gender and specialty at item level. Acad Med.

HOJAT, M. & GONNELLA, J.S. (2015). Eleven years of data on theJefferson Scale of Empathy-Medical Student version (JSE-S):Proxy norm data and tentative cutoff scores. Med Princ Pract.

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