• 6A55CB5D-61F4-41B9-BFA5-FEA07DB5A942 BPA - Applied Psychology Bulletin I Giunti Psychometrics

LOGIN

SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE
ico/view
ico/autori
ABOUT THE JOURNAL
ISSUES
FOR AUTHORS
SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE
ABOUT THE JOURNAL
ISSUES
FOR AUTHORS
  • Home
  • The Interpersonal Style Questionnaire (ISQ): Factor structure and preliminary validity
  • Home
  • Issue 292
  • The Interpersonal Style Questionnaire (ISQ): Factor structure and preliminary validity

The Interpersonal Style Questionnaire (ISQ): Factor structure and preliminary validity

Rachele Mariani, Attà Negri, Gian Maria Mussino, Marco Lauriola

Accepted December 31, 2021

First published December 31, 2021

https://doi.org/10.26387/bpa.292.4

Abstract

Some clinical theories assuming a complexity-oriented perspective conceive personality as a processual phenomenon: through repeated experiences with others, some relational patterns emerge and gradually create a coherent sense of self. The Interpersonal Style Questionnaire (ISQ) has been designed according to these theories. Study 1 presented the preliminary validation of the ISQ factor structure. Italian adults (N = 547; 367 females) completed the ISQ and Ten Item Personality Measure (TIPI). Seven factors have been found using exploratory factor analysis, labeled based on item content: I. Dependent-Independent, II. Withdrawn-Sociable, III. Confident-Resigned, IV. Responsible-Impulsive, V. Ambitious-Modest, VI. Open-Stable and VII. Gregarious-Competitive. Study 2 cross-validated the seven factors using an independent sample (N = 506; 377 females) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM). ISQ has been tested for concurrent validity using, International Personality Item Pool Representation of Big Five Measure, (IPIPBFM-50); Mini Questionnaire of Personal Organization (MQPO); Reflective Function Questionnaire, RFQ; Relationship Questionnaire (RQ). The seven-factor model achieved close-fit test, and the ISQ items were found to measure the corresponding factors with sufficient reliability. Dependent-Independent and Confident-Resigned were associated with Neuroticism, Responsible-Impulsive with Conscientiousness, and Withdrawn-Sociable and Gregarious-Competitive with Agreeableness. Open-Stable and Ambitious-Modest were less strongly associated with the canonical Big-Five. The ISQ factors also showed significant correlations with the clinical scales, especially Dependent-Independent with RQ Anxious/Self Model, RFQ Certainty about mental states, and MQPO Contextualized scores. In conclusion, the ISQ is a promising new questionnaire for assessing the interpersonal manifestations of personality with satisfactory validity and reliability.

References

  • ALLPORT, G.W. (1971). Personality: A psychological interpretation.Constable.

  • ASHTON, M.C. & LEE, K. (2009). The HEXACO-60: A shortmeasure of the major dimensions of personality. Journal ofPersonality Assessment, 91 (4), 340-345.

  • BARTHOLOMEW, K. & HOROWITZ, L.M. (1991). Attachmentstyles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61 (2), 226-244.

    doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226

  • BATEMAN, A. & FONAGY, P. (2016). Mentalization-based treatmentfor personality disorders: A practical guide. Oxford UniversityPress.

    doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199680375.001.0001

  • BODAS, J. & OLLENDICK, T.H. (2005). Test anxiety: A cross-cultural perspective. Clinical Child and Family PsychologyReview, 8, 65-88.

  • BORNSTEIN, R.F. (1992). The dependent personality:Developmental, social, and clinical perspectives. PsychologicalBulletin, 112 (1), 3-23.

    doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.3

  • BROWN, D. (2009). Good practice guidelines for indicatordevelopment and reporting. A contributed paper, Third WorldForum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policy, 27-30 October 2009Busan, Korea.

  • BUCCI, W. (2021). Overview of the referential process: The operationoflanguagewithinandbetweenpeople.JournalofPsycholinguisticResearch, 50 (1), 3-15.

    doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09759-2

  • BUHRMESTER, D., FURMAN, W., WITTENBERG, M.T. & REIS,H.T. (1988). Five domains of interpersonal competence in peerrelationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55 (6),991-1008.

    doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.991

  • CAMERON, A.Y., BENZ, M. & REED, K.P. (2021). The role ofguilt and shame in psychosocial functioning in a sample ofwomen with borderline personality disorder. The Journal ofNervous and Mental Disease, 209 (1), 13-16.

    doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001246

  • CARLI, R. & PANICCIA, R.M. (2003). Analisi della domanda: Teoriae tecnica dell’intervento in psicologia clinica. Il Mulino.

  • CARVER, C.S. (1997). Adult attachment and personality: Convergingevidence and a new measure. Personality and Social PsychologyBulletin, 23 (8), 865-883.

    doi.org/10.1177/0146167297238007

  • CATTELL, R.B. (1966). The Scree Test for the number of factors.MultivariateBehavioralResearch,1(2),245-276.

    doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10

  • CHIORRI, C., BRACCO, F., PICCINNO, T., MODAFFERI C. &BATTINI, V. (2014). Psychometric properties of a revisedversion of the Ten Item Personality Inventory. European Journalof Psychological Assessment, 31 (2), 109-119.

    doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000215

  • CLONINGER, C.R., SVRAKIC, D.M. & PRZYBECK, T.R. (1993).A psychobiological model of temperament and character.Archives of General Psychiatry, 50 (12), 975-990.

    doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008

  • CORNING, P.A. (2007). Synergy and self-organization in theevolution of complex systems. Systems Research, 12 (2), 89-121.

    doi.org/10.1002/sres.3850120204

  • DI GIROLAMO, M., GIROMINI, L., WINTERS, C.L., SERIE,C.M.B & DE RUITER, C. (2019) The Questionnaire ofCognitive and Affective Empathy: A comparison betweenpaper-and-pencil versus online formats in Italian samples.Journal of Personality Assessment, 101 (2), 159-170.

    doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1389745

  • DE PASCALE, A. & MAIELLO, L. (2010). “Subjective time” asdiagnostic marker in cognitive-systems oriented psychotherapy.Rivista di Psichiatria, 45 (1), 17-21.

  • DeYOUNG, C.G., QUILTY, L.C. & PETERSON, J.B. (2007). Betweenfacets and domains: 10 aspects of the Big Five. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 93 (5), 880.

  • ELLIS, L. (2011). Identifying and explaining apparent universal sexdifferences in cognition and behavior. Personality and IndividualDifferences, 51, 552-561.

  • FONAGY, P., LUYTEN, P., MOULTON-PERKINS, A., LEE, Y.-W., WARREN, F., HOWARD, S., GHINAI, R., FEARON, P.& LOWYCK, B. (2016). Development and validation of a self-report measure of mentalizing: The Reflective FunctioningQuestionnaire. PLoS ONE, 11 (7), e0158678.

    doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158678

  • FONAGY, P. & TARGET, M. (1997). Attachment and reflectivefunction: Their role in self-organization. Developmentand Psychopathology, 9 (4), 679-700.

    doi.org/10.1017/S0954579497001399

  • FORTES-VILALTELLA, M., ORIOL, X., FILELLA, G., DEL ARCO, I.&SOLDEVILA,A.(2013).Inteligenciaemocionalypersonalidaden las idferentes áreas de conocimiento de los estudiantesuniversitarios. Rev. Electrónica Ineruniversitaria Form. Profr., 50,723-728.

  • FUERTES, A.M. DE C., BLANCO FERNÁNDEZ, J., GARCÍAMATA, M. DE LOS, Á., REBAQUE GÓMEZ, A. & PASCUAL,R.G. (2020). Relationship between personality and academicmotivation in education degrees students. Education Sciences, 10(11), 327.

    doi.org/10.3390/educsci10110327

  • GEORGE, J.M. & JONES, G.R. (2001). Towards a process model ofindividual change in organizations. Human Relations, 54 (4),419-444.

    doi.org/10.1177/0018726701544002

  • GIROMINI, L., DE CAMPORA, G., BRUSADELLI, E., D’ONOFRIO,E., ZENNARO, A., ZAVATTINI, G.C. & LANG, M. (2016).Validity and reliability of the interpersonal competencequestionnaire: Empirical evidence from an Italian study. Journalof Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38 (1), 113-123.

    doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9499-5

  • GOSLING, S.D., RENTFROW, P.J. & SWANN, W.B. (2003). A verybrief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal ofResearch in Personality, 37 (6), 504-528.

    doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1

  • GROSS, J.J. (2008). Emotion and emotion regulation: Personalityprocesses and individual differences. In Handbook of personality:Theory and research. Guildford Press.

  • GUIDANO, V.F. (1987). Complexity of the self: A developmentalapproach to psychopathology and therapy. Guilford Press.

  • GUIDANO, V.F. (1991). The self in process: Toward a post-rationalistcognitive therapy. Guilford Press.

  • HANCOCK, G.R. & MUELLER, R.O. (2001). Rethinking constructreliability within latent variable systems. In R. Cudeck, S.D. Toit& D. Soerbom (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: Present andfuture – A festschrift in honor of Karl Joreskog. Lincolnwood, IL:Scientific Software International.

  • HATCH, M.J. & CUNLIFFE, A.L. (2013). Organization theory:Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives (Third edition).Oxford University Press.

  • HOPCROFT, R.L. & McLAUGHLIN, J. (2012). Why is the sex gapin feelings of depression wider in high gender equity countries?The effect of children on the psychological well-being of men andwomen. Social Science Research, 41, 501-513.

  • HOPWOOD, C.J., DONNELLAN, M.B., BLONIGEN, D.M.,KRUEGER, R.F., McGUE, M., IACONO, W.G. & BURT, S.A.(2011). Genetic and environmental influences on personalitytrait stability and growth during the transition to adulthood: Athree-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 100 (3), 545-556.

    doi.org/10.1037/a0022409

  • HORN, J.L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors infactor analysis. Psychometrika, 30 (2), 179-185.

    doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447

  • HOROWITZ, L.M., ROSENBERG, S.E. & BARTHOLOMEW, K.(1993). Interpersonal problems, attachment styles, and outcomein brief dynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology, 61 (4), 549-560.

    doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.4.549

  • HYATT, C.S., SLEEP, C.E., LAMKIN, J., MAPLES-KELLER, J.L.,SEDIKIDES, C., CAMPBELL, W.K. et al. (2018). Narcissism andself-esteem: A nomological network analysis. PLoS ONE, 13 (8),e0201088.

    doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201088

  • HYDE, J.S. (2014). Gender similarities and differences. AnnualReview of Psychology, 65, 373-398.

  • JENSEN-CAMPBELL, L.A. & MALCOLM, K.T. (2007). Theimportance of conscientiousness in adolescent interpersonalrelationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33 (3),368-383.

  • JOHNSON, D.P. & WHISMAN, M.A. (2013). Gender differencesin rumination: A meta-analysis. Personality and IndividualDifferences, 55, 367-374.

  • JONES, A.B., SHERMAN, R.A. & HOGAN, R.T. (2017). Whereis ambition in factor models of personality? Personality andIndividual Differences, 106, 26-31.

  • KARTERUD, S.W. & KONGERSLEV, M.T. (2019). A temperament-attachment-mentalization-based (TAM) theory of personalityand its disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 518.

    doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00518

  • KENNY, D.A., KANISKAN, B. & McCOACH, D.B. (2015). Theperformance of RMSEA in models with small degrees offreedom. Sociological Methods & Research, 44 (3), 486-507.

    doi.org/10.1177/0049124114543236

  • KHALIL, E., JALIL, B. & ZOHREH, E.S. (2013). The relationshipbetween HEXACO personality dimensions and type Dpersonality. Journal of Research & Health, 3, 405-411.

  • KIM, Y., PILKONIS, P.A. & BARKHAM, M. (1997). Confirmatoryfactoranalysis of the personality-disorder subscales from theinventory of interpersonal problems. Journal of PersonalityAssessment, 69 (2), 284-296.

  • LEE, K. & ASHTON, M.C. (2004). Psychometric properties ofthe HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate BehavioralResearch,39(2),329-358.

    doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8

  • LIPPA, R.A. (2005). Gender, nature, and nurture (2nd ed.). Mahwah,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

  • MANGA, D., RAMOS, F. & MORÁN, C. (2004). The Spanishnorms of the NEO five-factor inventory: New data and analysesfor its improvement. International Journal of Psychology andPsychological Therapy, 4 (3), 639-648.

  • MARIANI, R., MUSSINO, G.M. & NEGRI, A. (2018). InterpersonalQ-Sort (IQS) e Digital assessment profile (DAP): Nuovi strumentiper la valutazione delle risorse umane tra cambiamento e digitaltransformation. Franco Angeli.

  • MARSHALL, G.N., WORTMAN, C.B., KUSULAS, J.W., HERVIG,L.K.,VICKERS,R.R.&ROSS,R.(1992).Distinguishingoptimismfrom pessimism: Relations to fundamental dimensions of moodand personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 1067-1074.

    doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1067

  • McCRAE, R.R. & COSTA, P.T. Jr. (2003). Personality in adulthood: Afive-factor theory perspective (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

  • MOORE, D.L. & TARNAI, J. (2002). Evaluating nonresponse error inmail surveys. In R.M. Groves, D.A. Dillman, J.L. Eltinge & R.J.A.Little (Eds.), Survey Nonresponse. New York, NY: John Wiley &Sons.

  • MORANDOTTI, N., BRONDINO, N., MERELLI, A., BOLDRINI,A., DE VIDOVICH, G.Z., RICCIARDO, S., ABBIATI, V.,AMBROSI, P., CAVERZASI, E., FONAGY, P. & LUYTEN,P. (2018). The Italian version of the Reflective FunctioningQuestionnaire: Validity data for adults and its association withseverity of borderline personality disorder. PLoS ONE, 13 (11),e0206433.

    doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206433

  • MÜLLER, S., WENDT, L.P., SPITZER, C., MASUHR, O., BACK,S.N. & ZIMMERMANN, J. (2020). A critical evaluation of thereflective functioning questionnaire. Preprint

    doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5rhme

  • NARDI, B., ARIMATEA, E., VERNICE, M. & BELLANTUONO,C. (2012). How subjectivity can be investigated in the post-rationalist cognitive approach: Clinical and psycho-diagnostictools. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4 (2),174-187.

    doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v4n2p174

  • NEGRI, A., ANDREOLI, G., BELOTTI, L., BARAZZETTI, A. &MARTIN, E.H. (2019). Psychotherapy trainees’ epistemologicalassumptions influencing research-practice integration. Researchin psychotherapy, psychopathology, process and outcome, 22 (3),344-358.

    doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2019.397

  • NEGRI, A., MARIANI, R., MUSSINO, G.M. & BELOTTI, L.(2018). First validation of the Interpersonal Q-Sort (IQS), anew instrument to evaluate the subjectivity within the context.Proceedings 49th Annual Meeting of the Society for PsychotherapyResearch. Amsterdam, Netherlands, June 27-30, 2018.

  • PETERSON, R.A. (2000). A meta-analysis of variance accountedfor and factor loadings in exploratory factor analysis. MarketingLetters, 11 (3), 261-275.

  • PORTER,S.R.&WHITCOMB,M.E.(2005).Non-responseinstudentsurveys: The role of demographics, engagement and personality.Res High Educ, 46, 127-152.

    doi.org/10.1007/s11162-004-1597-2

  • RENIERS, R.L., CORCORAN, R., DRAKE, R., SHRYANE, N.M. &VÖLLM, B.A. (2011). The QCAE: A questionnaire of cognitiveand affective empathy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93 (1),84-95.

    doi.org/10. 1080/00223891.2010.528484

  • REVELLE, W. (2017). psych: Procedures for Personality andPsychological Research.

  • REVELLE, W. & ROCKLIN, T. (1979). Very simple structure: Analternative procedure for estimating the optimal number ofinterpretable factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 14 (4),403-414.

    doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1404_2

  • RIGGIO, R.E., TUCKER, J. & COFFARO, D. (1989). Social skills andempathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 10 (1), 93-99.

    doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(89)90184-0

  • ROHMANN, E., HANKE, S. & BIERHOFF, H.W. (2019). Grandioseand vulnerable narcissism in relation to life satisfaction, self-esteem, and self-construal. Journal of Individual Differences, 40(4), 194-203.

    doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000292

  • RUBISNSTEIN, G. (2005). The big five among male and femalestudents of different faculties. Personal. Individ. Differ., 38,1495-1503.

  • RUSSO, N.F. & GREEN, B.L. (1993). Women and mental health. InF.L. Denmakr & M.A. Paludi (Eds.), Psychology of women: Ahandbook of issues and theories. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

  • SALVATORE, S., DE LUCA PICIONE, R., COZZOLINO, M.,BOCHICCHIO, V. & PALMIERI, A. (2021). The role of affectivesensemaking in the constitution of experience: The AffectivePertinentization Model (APER). Integrative Psychological andBehavioral Science.

    doi.org/10.1007/s12124-020-09590-9

  • SELLBOM, M. & TELLEGEN, A. (2019). Factor analysis inpsychological assessment research: Common pitfalls andrecommendations. Psychological Assessment, 31 (12), 1428-1441.

    doi.org/10.1037/pas0000623

  • SHAVER, P.R. & MIKULINCER, M. (2005). Attachment theoryand research: Resurrection of the psychodynamic approach topersonality. Journal of Research in personality, 39 (1), 22-45.

  • SCHMITT, D.P., LONG, A.E., McPHEARSON, A., O’BRIEN, K.,REMMERT, B. & SHAH, S.H. (2017). Personality and genderdifferences in global perspective. Int J Psychol, 52, 45-56.

    doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12265

  • SIMMONS, B.L., GOOTY, J., NELSON, D.L. & LITTLE, L.M. (2009).Secure attachment: Implications for hope, trust, burnout, andperformance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30 (2), 233-247.

    doi.org/10.1002/job.585

  • SPITZER, C., ZIMMERMANN, J., BRÄHLER, E., EULER, S.,WENDT, L. & MÜLLER, S. (2021). Die deutsche versiondes Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ): Eineteststatistische Überprüfung in der Allgemeinbevölkerung.PPmP-Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie,71 (03/04), 124-131.

    doi.org/10.1055/a-1234-6317

  • UGAZIO, V. (2013). Semantic polarities and sychopatologies inthe family. Permitted and forbidden stories. Routledge.

    doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12023

  • UGAZIO, V. (2018). Storie permesse, storie proibite: Polaritàsemantiche familiari e psicopatologie. Bollati Boringhieri.

  • UGAZIO, V., NEGRI, A. & FELLIN, L. (2015). Freedom, goodness,power, and belonging: The semantics of phobic, obsessive-compulsive, eating, and mood disorders. Journal of ConstructivistPsychology, 28 (4), 293-315.

    doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2014.951109

  • VELICER, W.F. (1976). Determining the number of componentsfrom the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41 (3),321-327.

    doi.org/10.1007/BF02293557
SHOW ALL REFERENCES (76)HIDE REFERENCES

Related articles

Article info

Issue:

Issue 292

Keywords:

Interpersonal questionnaire

Interpersonal styles

Personality

Relational patterns

Views:

1091

Downloads:

188

Cite the article:

Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Publication Title. Year Published;Volume number(Issue number):Pages Used. doi:DOI Number.


Mariani Rachele. Negri Attà. Mussino Gian Maria. Lauriola Marco. The Interpersonal Style Questionnaire (ISQ): Factor structure and preliminary validity. BPA Applied Psychology Bulletin. 2021;292(1):39-59. doi:10.26387/bpa.292.1.
CITE THE ARTICLE
3574

Giunti Psychometrics

Giunti Psychometrics is the historic publisher of psychometric tests, psychology books, CME training courses and psychodiagnostic tools.

BPA - BULLETIN OF APPLIED PSYHOLOGY

Scientific Director: Alessandro Zennaro

Copyright © 2021 by Giunti Psychometrics

MANAGEMENT AND EDITORIAL OFFICE

Via Fra Paolo Sarpi, 7/A

50136 Firenze

Tel. 055 6236 501

mail: bpa@giuntipsy.com

ABOUT US
Copyright © 2021 Giunti Psychometrics | P. IVA 00421250481 · Giunti Psychometrics Srl, tutti i diritti riservati Responsabile della Protezione dei Dati (Art. 37 del REG UE 2016/679) Avv. Victoria Parise privacy@giuntipsy.com

Citation tool

How to cite this article

Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Publication Title. Year Published;Volume number(Issue number):Pages Used. doi:DOI Number.


Mariani Rachele. Negri Attà. Mussino Gian Maria. Lauriola Marco. The Interpersonal Style Questionnaire (ISQ): Factor structure and preliminary validity. BPA Applied Psychology Bulletin. 2021;292(1):39-59. doi:10.26387/bpa.292.1.