• 6A55CB5D-61F4-41B9-BFA5-FEA07DB5A942 BPA - Applied Psychology Bulletin I Giunti Psychometrics

LOGIN

SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE
ico/view
ico/autori
ABOUT THE JOURNAL
ISSUES
FOR AUTHORS
SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE
ABOUT THE JOURNAL
ISSUES
FOR AUTHORS
  • Home
  • The Defense Style Questionnaire – 40: Urdu translation, validation, and its uses among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder
  • Home
  • Issue 297
  • The Defense Style Questionnaire – 40: Urdu translation, validation, and its uses among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder

The Defense Style Questionnaire – 40: Urdu translation, validation, and its uses among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder

Arooj Zahra Rizvi, Syeda Shahida Batool

Accepted May 29, 2023

First published July 16, 2023

https://doi.org/10.26387/bpa.2023.00002

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to translate, validate, and see the relevant use of defense mechanisms
among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. In total sixty (N = 60) parents with equal distribution were
recruited for the cross language validation, three hundred fifty (N = 350) parents were recruited for psychometric properties
of the Defense Style Questionnaire – 40 scale and for testing the role of defense mechanism six hundred (N = 600) parents
with equal distribution (300 fathers and 300 mothers) were recruited from different autism centers of Punjab, Pakistan.
The result of confirmatory factor analysis supported three factor structure with reasonably good model fit indices c2/df
= 2.95, GFI = .92; CFI = .93, and RMSEA = .05). The meaning of items and their content in Urdu version of DSQ-40 was
similar to the original English version. The inter item correlations (r = .99; p<.01) and Cronbach’s alpha (.89) of translated
version of DSQ-40 had promising reliability. Further, most parents use neurotic defense mechanisms to overcome the
reality of having a child with neurodevelopmental condition. We concluded that the Urdu translated version of Defense
Style Questionnaire – 40 was a valid and reliable measure and we may continue to use it with parents having a child with
autism spectrum disorder or other disabilities.

References

  • ABBASI, M. & PIRANI, Z. (2017). Pathological defense mechanismsof parents of deaf children and children with intellectualdisabilities: A search for corrective solutions. Middle East Journalof Disabilities Studies, 7 (2), 1-17.

  • AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (1987). DSM-III-R.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.,revised). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. (ed. it.: DSM-III-R. Manuale diagnostico e statistico dei disturbi mentali. Terzaedizione, riveduta. 1990, Milano: Masson).

  • ANDREWS, G., SINGH, M. & BOND, M. (1993). The Defense StyleQuestionnaire. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(4), 246-256.

    doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199304000-00006

  • BLAYA, C., KIPPER, L., HELDT, E., ISOLAN, L., CEITLIN, H.L.,BOND, M. & MANFRO, G.G. (2004). Brazilian-Portugueseversion of the Defense Style Questionnaire – 40 for defensemechanism measure: A preliminary study. Brazilian Journal ofPsychiatry, 26 (4), 255-258.

  • BOND, M., GARDNER, S.T., CHRISTIAN, J. & SIGAL, J.J. (1983).An empirically validated hierarchy of defense mechanisms.Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 333-338.

  • BONSACK, C., DESPLAND, J-N. & SPAGNOLI, J. (1998). TheFrench version of the Defense Style Questionnaire. Psychotherapyand Psychosomatics, 67 (1), 24-30.

  • BRISLIN, R.W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral andwritten material. In H.C. Triandis & J.W. Berry (Eds.), Handbookof cross-cultural psychology methodology, vol. 2. Boston: Allyn andBacon.

  • CHATURVEDI, P. (2014). Effect of therapeutic intervention onpsychological problems of mothers of children with autismspectrum disorder. Doctoral dissertation, Osmania University,Hyderabad, India. Retrieved from: https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/172308/8/08_chapter_1.pdf

  • COTTLE, L., GANNON, T.A. & CHRISTMAS, M. (2017). Apsychometric evaluation of the Defense Style Questionnaire – 40on forensic patient population. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry andPsychology,29(2),288-307.

    doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2017.1375542

  • CRAMER, P. (2006). Protecting the self: Defense mechanisms in action.NewYork: The Guilford Press.

  • CRASOVAN, D.I. & MARICUTOIU, L.P. (2012). Adaptation of theDefensive Style Questionnaire – 60 (DSQ-60) within a Romaniansample. Cognition, Brain, Behavior. An Interdisciplinary Journal,16 (4), 509-528.

  • CROEN, L.A., NAJJAR, D.V., RAY, G.T., LOTSPEICH, L. &BERNAL, P.A. (2006). A comparison of health care utilizationand cots of children with and without autism spectrumdisorders in a large group-model health plan. Pediatrics, 118(4), 1203-1211.

  • FREUD, S. (1894). The neuro-psychoses of defense. In J. Stachey(Ed.), The standard edition of the complete works of SigmundFreud, vol. 14. London: Hogarth Press.

  • FREUD, S. (1894). Repression. In J. Stachey (Ed. and Trans.), Thestandard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 3.London: Hogarth Press.

  • FREUD, S. (1926). Inhibitions, symptoms, and anxiety. In J. Stachey(Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete works ofSigmund Freud, vol. 20. London: Hogarth Press.

  • GRAY, D.E. & HOLDEN, W.J. (2013). Psycho-social well-beingamong the parents of children with autism. Australia and NewZealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 18, 83-93.

    doi.org/10.1080/07263869200034841HASSAN, M. (2021, April 6). Challenges faced by people with ASDin Pakistan: Daily time. https://dailytimes.com.pk/742268/challenges-faced-by-people-with-autism-spectrum-disorder-asd-in-pakistan/

  • HECK, K.E. & MAKUC, D.M. (2000). Parental employment andhealth insurance coverage among school-aged children withspecial health care needs. American Journal of Public Health, 90(12), 1856-1860.

  • HYPHANTIS, T. (2010). The Greek version of the Defense StyleQuestionnaire: Psychometric properties in different samples.Comparative Psychiatry, 51(6), 618-629.

  • KARASU, T.B. & SKODOL, A.E. (1980). VIth axis for DSM-3:Psychodynamic evaluation. The American Journal of Psychiatry,137 (5), 607-610.

    doi.org/10.1176/ajp.137.5.607

  • KARST, J.S. & VAN-HECKE, A.V. (2012). Parent and family impactof autism spectrum disorders: A review and proposed model forintervention evaluation. Clinical Child and Family PsychologyReview, 15 (3), 247-277.

  • KOEGEL, R., SCHREIBMAN, L., LOOS, L., DIRLICH-WILHELM,H., DUNLAP, G., ROBBINS, F. & PLIENIS, A. (1992). Consistentstress profiles in mothers of children with autism. Journal ofAutism and Developmental Disorders, 22 (2), 205-216.

    doi.org/10.1007/bf01058151

  • KUHLTHAU, K.A., PAYAKACHAT, N., DELAHAYE, J., HURSON,J., PYNE, J.M., KOVACS, E. & TILFORD, J.M. (2014). Qualityof life for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder, 8 (10), 1339-1350.

  • KUHLTHAU, K.A. & PERRIN, J.M. (2001). Child health statusand parental employment. Archives of Pediatrics & AdolescentMedicine, 155 (12), 1346-1350.

  • LOPEZ, F. & GORMLEY, B. (2002). Stability and change in adultattachment style over the first-year college transition: Relationsto self-confidence, coping, and distress patterns. Journal ofCounseling Psychology, 49 (3), 355-364.

    doi.org/10.1037//0022-0167.49.3.355

  • MARTINI, P.S., ROMA, P., SARTI, S., LINGIARDI, V. & BOND,M. (2004). Italian version of the Defense Style Questionnaire.Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45 (6), 483-494.

  • PERRY, J.C. & HOGLEND, P. (1998). Convergent and discriminatesvalidity of overall defensive functioning. Journal of Nervous andMental Disease, 186 (9), 529-535.

  • PERRY, J.C., HOGLEND, P., SHEAR, K., VAILLANT, G.E.,HOROWITZ, M.J., KARDOS, M.E., & BILLE, H. (1998). Fieldtrial of a diagnostic axis for defense mechanisms for DSM-4.Journal of Personality Disorders, 12 (1), 56-68.

  • RUUTTU, T., PELKONEN, M., HOLI, M., KARLSSON, L.,KIVIRUUSU, O., HEILÄ, H., TUISKU, V., TUULIO-HENRIKSSON, A. & MARTTUNEN, M. (2006). Psychometricproperties of the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) inadolescents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194 (2), 98-105.

    doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000198141.88926.2e

  • SIMAN-TOV, A. & KANIEL, S. (2011). Stress and personal resourceas predictors of the adjustment of parents to autistic children:A multivariate model. Journal of Autism and DevelopmentalDisorders, 41 (7), 879-890.

  • SKODOL, A.E. & PERRY, J.C. (1993). Should an axis for defensemechanisms be included in DSM-4? Comprehensive Psychiatry,34 (2), 108-119.

    doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X(93)90055-9

  • SOLIMAN, H. (1997). The Arabic version of Defense StyleQuestionnaire – 40: Defense style in major depressive disorder.Egypt Journal of Psychiatry, 20, 75-83.

  • TAATI, E. & BAHRI, M.R.Z. (2019). Comparison of the coherenceand defense mechanisms between parents of normal children andparentsofchildrenwithautismandattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder. Journal of Child Mental Health, 6 (3), 15-27.

  • VALLIANT, G.E. (1992). Ego mechanisms of defense: A guidefor clinicians and researchers. Washington, DC: AmericanPsychiatric Press.

  • VAILLANT, G.E. (1994). Ego mechanisms of defense and personalitypsychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103 (1), 44-50.

  • WATSON, D. & SINHA, B. (1998). Gender, age, and culturaldifferences in the Defense Style Questionnaire – 40. Journalof Clinical Psychology, 54 (1), 67-75.

    <a title="WATSON, D. & SINHA, B. (1998). Gender, age, and culturaldifferences in the Defense Style Questionnaire – 40. Journalof Clinical Psychology, 54 (1), 67-75." href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199801)54:13.0.CO;2-R.” target=”_Blank”>doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199801)54:13.0.CO;2-R.
SHOW ALL REFERENCES (35)HIDE REFERENCES

Related articles

Article info

Issue:

Issue 297

Keywords:

Cross-language validation

Defense Style Questionnaire – 40

Reliability

Urdu translation

Validity

Views:

468

Downloads:

73

Cite the article:

Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Publication Title. Year Published;Volume number(Issue number):Pages Used. doi:DOI Number.


Rizvi Arooj Zahra . Batool Syeda Shahida . The Defense Style Questionnaire – 40: Urdu translation, validation, and its uses among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. BPA Applied Psychology Bulletin. 2023;297(1):37-55. doi:10.26387/bpa.297.1.
CITE THE ARTICLE
8340

Giunti Psychometrics

Giunti Psychometrics is the historic publisher of psychometric tests, psychology books, CME training courses and psychodiagnostic tools.

BPA - BULLETIN OF APPLIED PSYHOLOGY

Scientific Director: Alessandro Zennaro

Copyright © 2021 by Giunti Psychometrics

MANAGEMENT AND EDITORIAL OFFICE

Via Fra Paolo Sarpi, 7/A

50136 Firenze

Tel. 055 6236 501

mail: bpa@giuntipsy.com

ABOUT US
Copyright © 2021 Giunti Psychometrics | P. IVA 00421250481 · Giunti Psychometrics Srl, tutti i diritti riservati Responsabile della Protezione dei Dati (Art. 37 del REG UE 2016/679) Avv. Victoria Parise privacy@giuntipsy.com

Citation tool

How to cite this article

Author Surname Author Initial. Title. Publication Title. Year Published;Volume number(Issue number):Pages Used. doi:DOI Number.


Rizvi Arooj Zahra . Batool Syeda Shahida . The Defense Style Questionnaire – 40: Urdu translation, validation, and its uses among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. BPA Applied Psychology Bulletin. 2023;297(1):37-55. doi:10.26387/bpa.297.1.